Reverse rotation of flagellar motors at high pressure

Application of pressure changes the intermolecular interaction between protein and water molecules. It is possible to control the structure and function of protein molecules. We developed a high-pressure microscope, and then observed the rotation of E. coli flagellar motors at high-pressure conditions. A single flagellar filament from E. coli that lack the switch-inducing protein CheY was tethered directly to the observation window of the high-pressure chamber. At ambient pressure condition, All of the cell