Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen. Originally, ROS were considered purely harmful, but now they are recognized for playing a dual role within biological systems. Here’s a brief overview:
Formation: ROS are generated as natural byproducts of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. However, environmental stresses like UV light, pollution, and tobacco smoke can also lead to excessive ROS production.
Roles:
Cell Signaling: At low or moderate levels, ROS act as signaling molecules that regulate processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and gene expression.
Immune Function: ROS are involved in defense against pathogens. Phagocytes produce ROS to kill invading pathogens.
Harmful Effects:
Oxidative Stress: When ROS levels exceed the antioxidant defense capacity of a cell, oxidative stress occurs, damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA. This can contribute to aging and various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Inflammation: Chronic ROS production can trigger and exacerbate inflammatory processes, leading to further tissue damage.
Management in Organisms:
To counteract ROS’s potentially damaging effects, organisms have evolved complex antioxidant systems, including enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione.
Understanding and manipulating ROS’s intricate balance between beneficial and harmful effects is a significant focus in medical research, aiming to find treatments for diseases where oxidative stress plays a key role.
Problem:
What is the benefit of antioxidant compounds?
A) Diminish direct damage of O2 on red blood cells
B) Catalyze production of free-radicals in the cell
C) Reverse existing mutations resulting from reactive oxygen species
D) Counteract the actions of damaging reactive oxygen species
1 view
20
4
1 day ago 00:04:49 1
Phonique: Feel What You Want (feat. Rebecca) official music video feat. Julia Lapina
2 days ago 01:32:50 1
A Stone in the Water | Thrilling Mystery Movie Full HD | Melissa Fumero | Real Drama
3 days ago 00:29:11 1
Interview with Valentin Kozlov, Valmix Company | Potato Tour Across Russia (Part 2) 🥔🚜
4 days ago 00:01:01 1
Project Blue Beam | What Is Project Blue | The Blue Beam Project | Project Blue Beam Drones | UFO
4 days ago 00:03:26 2
Benny Benassi presents The Biz - No Matter What You Do [Official Video]
4 days ago 00:03:21 2
Alex Gaudino ft. Kelly Rowland - What A Feeling
5 days ago 01:02:51 1
Uncovering the Remains of Sasquatch - Sasquatch Unearthed: Buckeye Bigfoot (Evidence and Encounters)
5 days ago 01:01:39 1
TIME SLIP STORIES (SN 18 EP 38) TRUE UNEXPLAINABLE EXPERIENCES WITH MISSING TIME & TIME SLIPS
6 days ago 00:00:31 2
How To Train Your Dragon | Big Game Spot
6 days ago 00:05:05 59
How to Clown - Misha Usov - Professional Clown School
6 days ago 00:03:02 2
What is love (Rastafair Remix) Tomorrowland Videoclip
1 week ago 00:05:14 2
Clara Fernández: The Spanish Sensation Transforming Pole Vaulting
1 week ago 00:27:54 5
Секретные космические лазеры устраивают пожары на Земле?
2 weeks ago 00:03:57 46
Britney Spears - ...Baby One More Time (Official Video)
2 weeks ago 00:09:58 2
LUGHEAD | Omeleto
2 weeks ago 00:04:50 20
In The Army Now (Status Quo) • Drum Cover
2 weeks ago 00:56:53 3
DOGMAN, MIRRORED MEN AND HIGHWAY GHOSTS: TALES FROM THE ROAD (SN 18 EP 36) TRUE SPOOKY STORIES
2 weeks ago 00:08:36 1
ODESSA on FIRE┃Hotel ’BRISTOL’ with Officers From European Intelligence Agencies Was Blown To PIECES
2 weeks ago 00:08:55 1
SHOCKING Dogfight Over UKRAINE: F-16, Mig-29, and Su-27 Did Not Survive Their Meet-Up With Su-57M
2 weeks ago 00:04:47 1
Icon For Hire-Now You Know (Official Music Video)
2 weeks ago 00:10:58 18
MAJOR Escalation: Poland Took a Gamble By Challenging Russia! The Boundaries of Europe are Changing!
2 weeks ago 00:50:14 10
CHECKMATE: Russia-Iran Treaty SHOCKS The West | Dr. Pietro Shakarian