How to analyse and solve heredity problems

Hitchhiker’s thumb: The myth Some people have “hitchhiker’s thumbs,“ which bend backwards with a large angle between the two segments (phalanges). The myth is that there are just two kinds of thumbs, straight thumbs (S) and hitchhiker’s thumbs (H), and the trait is controlled by a single gene with two alleles, with the allele for S being dominant. This was proposed by Glass and Kistler (1953) and has been the subject of very little research since then. Hitchhiker’s thumb is often used to demonstrate genetics, but neither part of the myth is true: thumbs don’t fall into two discrete categories, and the trait is not controlled by a single gene. The reality (watch the video) Thumbs ranging from straight to hitchhiker. Harris and Joseph (1949) measured the angle between the first and second phalanges of the thumb on X-rays of 294 individuals. They found a continuous distribution, with most individuals having intermediate values, not the two distinct kinds of thumbs described in the myth: graph of thumb angles (watch the video) Distribution of thumb angles. Data for right thumbs for males and females combined (Harris and Joseph 1949). Glass and Kistler (1953) did a similar study, except they used a protractor held against the outside of the thumb to measure the thumb angle, and obtained the following results: graph of thumb angles Distribution of thumb angles. Data for right thumbs for males and females combined (Glass and Kistler 1953). Glass and Kistler (1953) arbitrarily called all thumbs with an angle equal to or greater than 50 degrees “hitchhiker’s thumbs.“ They gave no explanation for why they picked 50 degrees as the dividing point. They noted that many individuals would then have one hitchhiker’s thumb and one straight thumb; they classified these individuals as having the hitchhiker’s thumb trait. Glass and Kistler (1953) had different people measure the thumbs, and the repeated measurements often differed by several degrees, which would mean that many people would be considered to have a hitchhiker’s thumb by one observer but not by a different observer. I searched the internet for pictures of thumbs (it was easy, because lots of people give the thumbs-up sign when they get their picture taken) and arranged them from straightest to most bent. As you can see, there’s a range of thumb angles, from straight to nearly 90 degrees, with no clear division between hitchhiker and non-hitchhiker thumbs. Family studies Glass and Kistler (1953), having decided that anyone with one or both thumbs having an angle equal to or greater than 50 degrees had the hitchhiker’s thumb trait, collected the following family data: Parents S offspring H offspring Percent S S x S 281 32 90% S x H 71 37 66% H x H 1 30 3% They concluded that thumb type was a simple Mendelian trait, with the allele for S dominant. The single individual who didn’t fit this model (the S offspring of two H parents) was explained as an example of incomplete penetrance, meaning that other genes or non-genetic factors also influence the trait. Glass and Kistler (1953) were too polite to mention incorrect paternity as another possible explanation. The only other family study on hitchhiker’s thumb that I am aware of is Beckman et al. (1960): Parents S offspring H offspring Percent S S x S 50 8 86% S x H 18 17 51% H x H 3 4 43% If the myth were true, two parents with hitchhiker’s thumb could not have a child with a straight thumb. The three S offspring of H x H parents are inconsistent with a two-allele model in which the allele for S is dominant. Conclusion While there is a genetic influence on thumb angle, thumbs do not divide into two categories, hitchhiker’s and non-hitchhiker’s. Instead, the thumb angle varies continuously, with most thumbs having intermediate values. You should not use hitchhiker’s thumb to demonstrate basic genetics. #HeredityDiseaseCause #HealthIndustry #HitchhikersThumb #genetics #GeneticsMyth #Allele #dominant #recessive