Xanthium strumarium (rough cocklebur, clotbur, common cocklebur, large cocklebur, woolgarie bur)

Xanthium strumarium (rough cocklebur, clotbur, common cocklebur, large cocklebur, woolgarie bur) is a species of annual plants of the family Asteraceae. It probably originates in North America and has been extensively naturalized elsewhere. The species is monoecious, with the flowers borne in separate unisexual heads: staminate (male) heads situated above the pistillate (female) heads in the inflorescence. The pistillate heads consist of two pistillate flowers surrounded by a spiny involucre. Upon fruiting, these two flowers ripen into two brown to black achenes and they are completely enveloped by the involucre, which becomes a bur. The bur, being buoyant, easily disperses in the water for plants growing along waterways. However, the bur, with its hooked projections, is obviously adapted to dispersal via mammals by becoming entangled in their hair. Once dispersed and deposited on the ground, typically one of the seeds germinates and the plants grows out of the bur. The plant may have some medicinal properties and has been used in traditional medicine in South Asia and traditional Chinese medicine. In Telugu, this plant is called Marula Matangi. However, while small quantities of parts of the mature plants may be consumed, the seeds and seedlings should not be eaten in large quantities because they contain significant concentrations of the extremely toxic chemical carboxyatractyloside. The mature plant also contains at least four other toxins. • Animals have also been known to die after eating the plants. • A patient consuming a traditional Chinese medicine containing cocklebur called Cang Er Zi Wan (苍耳子丸) developed muscle spasms. • It was responsible for at least 19 deaths and 76 illnesses in Sylhet District, Bangladesh, 2007. People ate large amounts of the plants, locally called ghagra shak, because they were starving during a monsoon flood and no other plants were available. The symptoms included vomiting and altered mental states, followed by unconsciousness. The Zuni people use the canadense variety for multiple purposes. The chewed seeds are rubbed onto the body before the cactus ceremony to protect it from spines. A compound poultice of seeds is applied to wounds or used to remove splinters. The seeds are also ground, mixed with cornmeal, made into cakes, and steamed for food. Xanthium strumarium（粗苍耳、苍耳、普通苍耳、大苍耳、woolgarie bur）是菊科一年生植物的一种。它可能起源于北美并已在其他地方广泛归化。 该物种是雌雄同株，花开在单独的单性花序中：雄蕊（雄性）花序位于花序中的雌蕊（雌性）花序上方。雌蕊由两朵被多刺总苞包围的雌花组成。在结果时，这两朵花成熟为两个棕色至黑色瘦果，它们完全被总苞包围，成为毛刺。 bur 是有浮力的，很容易分散在水中，以供沿水道生长的植物使用。然而，带有钩状突起的 bur 显然适合通过哺乳动物通过缠绕在它们的头发中传播。一旦分散并沉积在地面上，通常其中一颗种子就会发芽，植物就会从钻头中长出来。 该植物可能具有一些药用特性，并已用于南亚的传统医学和中药。在泰卢固语中，这种植物被称为 Marula Matangi。 然而，虽然可以食用少量成熟植物的部分，但不应大量食用种子和幼苗，因为它们含有显着浓度的剧毒化学羧叶苷。成熟的植物还含有至少四种其他毒素。 • 动物食用植物后也会死亡。 • 一位服用苍耳子丸（苍耳子丸）含有苍耳子的中药的患者出现肌肉痉挛。 • 2007 年，它在孟加拉国锡尔赫特地区造成至少 19 人死亡和 76 人患病。人们食用了大量当地称为 ghagra shak 的植物，因为它们在季风洪水期间挨饿，而且没有其他植物可用。症状包括呕吐和精神状态改变，随后失去知觉。 祖尼人将 canadense 品种用于多种用途。在仙人掌仪式之前，咀嚼的种子会被擦在身体上，以保护它免受刺。将种子的复合糊剂涂在伤口上或用于去除碎片。种子也磨碎，与玉米面混合，制成糕点，蒸熟食用。 Xanthium strumarium（オナモミ、オナモミ、一般的なオナモミ、大きなオナモミ、ウールガリーバー）は、キク科の年間植物の一種です。それはおそらく北アメリカで始まり、他の場所で広く帰化されました。 種は雌雄同株であり、花は別々の単性の頭で運ばれます：花序の蒸留物（女性）の頭の上に&#