How do cells come up with their programming language?

To try everything Brilliant has to offer—free—for a full 30 days, visit The first 200 of you will get 20% off Brilliant’s annual premium subscription. Cited articles The four hypothesis and their conclusion Noda-Garcia, L., Liebermeister, W., & Tawfik, D. S. (2018). Metabolite–enzyme coevolution: from single enzymes to metabolic pathways and networks. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 87, 187-216. Protein evolution experiment Campbell, E. C., Correy, G. J., Mabbitt, P. D., Buckle, A. M., Tokuriki, N., & Jackson, C. J. (2018). Laboratory evolution of protein conformational dynamics. Current opinion in structural biology, 50, 49-57. Campbell, E., Kaltenbach, M., Correy, G. J., Carr, P. D., Porebski, B. T., Livingstone, E. K., Tokuriki, N., ... & Jackson, C. J. (2016). The role of protein dynamics in the evolution of new enzyme function. Nature chemical biology, 12(11), 944-950. PDB files: 4PCP, 4PCN, 1G03, and all